Clinical insights into extracellular vesicles for targeted myocardial drug delivery

EVs offer significant promise for clinical myocardial drug delivery. Some key considerations for clinical application of EVs include modulating immune clearance, establishing scalable production with stringent quality control, and refining surface engineering strategies. Facilitating EV clinical translation requires focused strategies to overcome current barriers, especially by integrating bioengineering and biomaterial-based targeting to enhance myocardial delivery efficiency.