Introduction: nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors

The research on sensors dates back to the 1950s, but it caught pace in 1990s. In 1950s Professor Leland Clark worked on to establish an oxygen biosensor. In chemistry, chemical sensors have been majorly divided into five types: electrochemical sensors, mass sensors, optical sensors, magnetic sensors, and thermal sensors. The use of electrochemical sensors is growing by leaps and bounds. Electrochemical sensors can be defined as devices that work by mutually coupling an analyte with an electrochemical transducer. The electrochemical methods that are used in electrochemical sensors are potentiometry, conductometry, amperometry, voltammetry, coulometry (Q), and capacitance (C). All these methods became the basis for formation of nanobased electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical sensors (nanobased) are highly sensitive and highly selective, which is why their usage in a number of sensing techniques is quite vivid. Nanotubes or nanobased electrodes have proved very promising. They are being used in biotechnology and food safety and for sensing various amounts of increased effluents like arsenic in air, thus contributing to environmental stability. In 2019, over 500 review articles were published about electrochemical sensors. In this case, the gap between electrochemical sensors’ ideas and analytical applications being done in real world is shortened; then it will be a good go ahead task.