Electrospinning-based bone tissue scaffold construction: Progress and trends

• The mechanisms of bone tissue electrospinning scaffolds are studied. • The influences of electrospinning types on the scaffold are analyzed. • The effects of scaffold structures on bone tissue are revealed. • The shortcomings of the scaffold are summarized through critical analyses. Electrospinning is a key technique for producing nanofibers used in bone tissue engineering. Electrospinning methods, materials, and parameters affect bone scaffold properties and efficacy. However, there is currently a lack of systematic reviews, and the influence of electrospinning forms, scaffold types, and their parameters on scaffold performance remains unclear, making it difficult for researchers to obtain effective references. Therefore, this paper reviews the applications of electrospun scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Firstly, it summarizes various electrospun scaffold fabrication methods and their principles, including conventional, blend, melt, coaxial, emulsion, solution, free surface, and improved techniques. Based on differences in scaffold structure, this paper further classifies scaffolds into multilayer, grid, and tubular types, analyzing the advantages and limitations of electrospinning processes and scaffold types, and discussing related scaffolds. Future research should focus on material, structural, and solvent optimization to improve scaffold performance. Secondly, this paper discusses the material characterization and applications of electrospun scaffolds in bone tissue engineering, emphasizing the need for performance optimization for improving bone repair. Finally, it proposes future research directions to address current challenges. This paper aims to provide systematic guidance and technical support for the application of electrospinning technology in bone tissue engineering.