Renal-clearable and mitochondria-targeted metal-engineered carbon dot nanozymes for regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress in acute kidney injury

). This dual-enzyme mimicry effectively alleviates mitochondrial oxidative damage, restores mitochondrial function, and inhibits apoptosis. Compared to RuCDzyme alone, TPP@RuCDzyme demonstrated significantly enhanced efficacy in alleviating glycerol-induced AKI by inhibiting oxidative stress. By leveraging the catalytic activity derived from the integration of CDs and a metallic element, this study presents a promising therapeutic strategy for AKI and other renal diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.