Improved Zenith Tropospheric Delay Modeling Using the Piecewise Model of Atmospheric Refractivity

As one of the atmosphere propagation delays, the tropospheric delay is a significant error source that should be properly handled in high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) applications. We propose an improved zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) modeling method whereby the piecewise model of the atmospheric refractivity is introduced. Compared with using the exponential model to fit ZTD in vertical direction, the ZTD piecewise model has a better performance. Based on ERA5 2.5° × 2.5° reanalysis data produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) from 2013 to 2017, we establish the regional gridded ZTD model (RGZTD) using a trigonometric function for China and the surrounding areas, which ranges from 70° E to 135° E in longitude and from 15° N to 55° N in latitude. To verify the performance of RGZTD model, the ERA5 ZTD data in 2017–2018, the radiosonde ZTD data from 86 radiosonde stations over China in 2017–2018, and the tropospheric delay products on 251 GNSS stations from Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) in 2016–2017 are used as external compliance check data. The results show that the overall accuracy of RGZTD model is better than that of exponential model, UNB3m model, and GPT3 model. Moreover, the accuracy can be improved by about 13.4%, 7.1%, and 6.2% when ERA5 reanalysis data, radiosonde data, and CMONOC data are used as reference values, respectively. High-accuracy ZTD data can be provided because the RGZTD model takes into account the vertical variation of ZTD through the new piecewise model.