Synergistically enhanced co-adsorption of HMF and hydroxyl on selenium and oxygen dual vacancies in CeO 2 -CuNiSe 2 /NF for high-efficiency HMF electrooxidation

To address slow HMF electrooxidation from weak coadsorption, we fabricate CeO 2 –CuNiSe 2 /NF with O/Se dual vacancies, achieving 1.23 A cm −2 at 1.5 V RHE . Dual vacancies enhance co-adsorption, reduce energy barriers, and accelerate HMF oxidation.