An ultra-sensitive iontronic pressure sensor with femtosecond-laser-engraved microstructures for machine-learning-based tactile sensing

(300-900 kPa), together with a wide detection range (from ∼577 Pa to 900 kPa), fast response (∼20 ms), and excellent stability under prolonged high-pressure loading. Coupled with a tailored signal-processing and machine-learning pipeline, the USIPS enables quantitative hardness/softness perception and accurate discrimination of representative materials, while also supporting pulse monitoring, robotic grasping, and plantar gait analysis. These results demonstrate a unified iontronic-AI platform for wide-range, high-fidelity tactile sensing and intelligent perception.