Polar-Twisted Electron-Transport Layer Simultaneously Breaks Efficiency-Flexibility-Cost Limits in Organic Solar Cells

Perylene diimide (PDI)-based electron-transport layers (ETLs) are fundamental in governing charge extraction, interfacial recombination, and the operational longevity of organic solar cells (OSCs), yet their molecular design still lacks transferable principles. Here we present a PDI-ETL molecular design framework that couples bay-position engineering with polar, bulky side-chain modulation to improve additive-free alcohol solubility, suppress over-crystallization, and mitigate oxidative degradation. With this framework, H75-DMA suppresses reactive-oxygen-driven chemical evolution and interfacial trap accumulation, thereby stabilizing interfacial energetics and electron transport. Binary OSCs based on H75-DMA achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) above 20% and exhibit improved mechanical toughness and bending durability in flexible devices. Its smooth, high-surface-energy interface also induces continuous growth of ultrathin metal cathodes, leading to increased light-utilization efficiency in flexible semitransparent OSCs. In addition, H75-DMA enables cathode substitution from Ag to Cu while retaining about 97% of the PCE of the Ag-based devices, thereby improving cost-effectiveness at the device level.