In vitro and in vivo characterization of porous poly‐L‐lactic acid coatings for subcutaneously implanted glucose sensors

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that porous poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) sensor coatings reduce fibrosis and promote blood microvessel formation in tissue adjacent to the sensor surface. Porous PLLA coatings were produced using ammonium bicarbonate as the gas foaming/salt leaching agent, and deployed on functional and nonfunctional sensors. The porous coatings minimally affected sensor accuracy and response rate in vitro. Three-week subcutaneous rat studies of nonfunctional glucose sensors showed the anticipated effect of porous coatings enhancing vascularity and decreasing collagen deposition. In contrast, percutaneous functional sensors with and without porous coatings showed no significant difference in terms of histology or sensor response. In spite of the observation that texturing increases the vascularity of the tissue that surrounds implanted sensors, other factors such as the additional mechanical stresses imposed by percutaneous tethering may override the beneficial effects of the porous coatings.