Analytical methods for the detection of PD-1/PD-L1 and other molecules related to immune checkpoints

Immune checkpoints refer to a series of molecules to regulate the degree of immune activation. The common immune checkpoints include PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3 and so on. As a kind of tumor immunotherapy, immune checkpoint therapy is considered to be a safer and more effective treatment than conventional therapy in clinical treatment. The analysis of immune checkpoint is vital for immunotherapy medication, treatment and prognosis evaluation. This review introduces the analytical methods for the detection of PD-1/PD-L1 and other molecules related to immune checkpoints.