Macrophage-Mimic Hollow Mesoporous Fe-Based Nanocatalysts for Self-Amplified Chemodynamic Therapy and Metastasis Inhibition via Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling

Fe-based nanomaterials with Fenton reaction activity are promising for tumor-specific chemodynamic therapy (CDT). However, most of the nanomaterials suffer from low catalytic efficiency due to its insufficient active site exposure and the relatively high tumor intracellular pH, which greatly impede its clinical application. Herein, macrophage membrane-camouflaged carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor (CAI)-loaded hollow mesoporous ferric oxide (HMFe) nanocatalysts are designed to remodel the tumor microenvironment with decreased intracellular pH for self-amplified CDT. The HMFe not only serves as a Fenton agent with high active-atom exposure to enhance CDT but also provides hollow cavity for CAI loading. Meanwhile, the macrophage membrane-camouflaging endows the nanocatalysts with immune evading capability and improves tumoritropic accumulation by recognizing tumor endothelium and cancer cells through α4/VCAM-1 interaction. Once internalized by tumor cells, the CAI could be specifically released, which can not only inhibit CA IX to induce intracellular H+ accumulation for accelerating the Fenton reaction but also could prevent tumor metastasis because of the insufficient H+ formation outside cells for tumor extracellular matrix degradation. In addition, the HMFe can be employed to highly efficient magnetic resonance imaging to real-time monitor the agents' bio-distribution and treatment progress. Both in vitro and in vivo results well demonstrated that the nanocatalysts could realize self-amplified CDT and breast cancer metastasis inhibition via tumor microenvironment remodeling, which also provides a promising paradigm for improving CDT and antimetastatic treatment.