Differential Effect of Sex on Outcomes after Radical Surgery for Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sex is associated with cancer specific mortality, overall mortality and disease recurrence in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder but not in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Given the genetic and social differences between the sexes, sex differences may represent a key factor in the clinical decision making process.