Pueraria lobata-derived exosome-like nanovesicles alleviate RA via targeting R.gnavus phenylethylamine production

Gut microbiota has been widely recognized as playing a critical role in maintaining immune balance and the development of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As key roles mediating inter-kingdom crosstalk among plants, microbiomes, and mammals, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) show potential as a dietary intervention for modulating gut microbiota. We aimed to explore potential applications of edible plant-derived ELNs for RA treatment and reveal the underlying mechanism. We collected fecal samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals to perform 16S rRNA sequencing. Proteins from neutrophils treated with or without PEA were collected to perform mass spectrometry analysis.