Adipose Tissue–Brain Crosstalk: The Role of Adipokines in the Regulation of Cognitive Function

Obesity is recognized as a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment. A growing number of studies point to the role of communication between adipose tissue and the brain, in which adipokines play a key role. Adipokines are biologically active molecules secreted by adipose tissue that participate in the regulation of metabolic processes and inflammation. This review presents the mechanisms of communication within the adipose tissue–brain axis, including transport across the blood–brain barrier, neuronal signaling, the involvement of extracellular vesicles, and the modulation of inflammatory processes. We describe the roles of selected adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and irisin, in modulating synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neuronal metabolism. We present the results of current clinical studies on factors modulating adipokine concentrations and on the potential significance of adipokines as biomarkers for early risk of cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. Despite promising research findings, we still do not fully understand all aspects of adipokine function in the central nervous system. Further research is crucial for a full understanding of their role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and their potential application in clinical practice.