Synthesis of curcumin-derived carbon dots with dual antimicrobial and osteogenic properties for enhanced bone regeneration

Introduction and Aims Infectious alveolar defects in dentistry present a persistent clinical dilemma, necessitating approaches that simultaneously promote osseous repair and suppress microbial adhesion. This study aimed to characterize the bifunctional properties of curcumin-derived carbon dots (Cur-CD) in facilitating the osteogenic commitment of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) and exerting antibacterial effects, and offers foundational proof-of-concept data to support further evaluation in peri-implantitis-related infectious models. Methods Cur-CD complex was synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Primary rBMSCs were isolated and cultured. The optimal working concentration of Cur-CD was identified via CCK-8 analysis. The cells were divided into control (Ctrl) and Cur-CD-treated groups. The degree of osteogenic differentiation was measured by Alizarin Red S staining, while protein and mRNA expression of key osteogenic markers (Runx2, OPN, Osterix, and OCN) were analyzed via Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. An oxidative stress model was established with H 2 O 2 , and cell migration was assessed by the transwell assay. The microbicidal properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were examined using PI staining, plate colony counting, and inhibition zone assays. Results The Cur-CD complex significantly enhanced mineralized nodule formation and upregulated both protein and mRNA expression of Runx2, OPN, Osterix, and OCN compared to the Ctrl group. Under H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress, Cur-CD treatment markedly promoted rBMSC migration. Additionally, the complex substantially increased bacterial mortality and reduced colony formation in E. coli and S. aureus. Clinical Relevance These results demonstrate Cur-CD’s dual osteogenic and antibacterial capacity, laying groundwork for future exploration of its utility against peri-implantitis-associated bone defects. Conclusion The Cur-CD complex demonstrates promising dual functionality by enhancing osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs and exerting robust antibacterial effects.