Lipid metabolism-related inflammatory indices (LMIIs) and incident peripheral artery diseases (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a multicohort study from China and the UK biobank

Elevated levels of LMIIs, such as NHR, MHR, PHR and LHR, were associated with an increased risk of incident PAD among elderly diabetic patients. These associations exhibited notable population heterogeneity, with stronger effects observed in females and individuals with higher HbA1c level. eGFR may serve as a mediating factor in the associations between LMIIs and the occurrence of PAD. These findings provide novel evidence for immune inflammation-based risk assessment and personalized preventive strategies for PAD.