Association of spontaneous abortion with bipolar disorder and major depression based on inverse probability treatment weighting of multigroup propensity scores: Evidence from the UK Biobank

Few studies have explored the association between the number of SAs and bipolar disorder and major depression (BDMD). This study aims to investigate the association between SA and BDMD, and the possible dose-response relationship between them. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 13,200 female UK Biobank participants. Participants were classified into BDMD and no-BDMD groups based on their BDMD status. The number of SAs was grouped into non-SA, occasional SA (OSA), and recurrent SA (RSA). Baseline characteristics of the three groups were balanced using inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) based on propensity scores. The three-knots restricted cubic spline regression model was utilized to assess the dose-response relationship between the number of SAs and BDMD. The IPTW-adjusted multivariate logistic regression revealed that SA was an independent risk factor for BDMD, with adjusted OR of 1.12 (95 % CI: 1.07–1.19) and 1.32 (95 % CI: 1.25–1.40) in the OSA and RSA groups, respectively. The strength of this association amplified as the number of SAs (P for trend <0.001). There was a nonlinear relationship between the number of SAs and the risk of BDMD, with an approximately inverted L-shaped curve. The information of the SA and BDMD status relied on self-reported by volunteers, and the study sample was mostly of European descent. Women who reported experiencing multiple SAs are more likely to have BDMD. Therefore, it is imperative to provide psychological care and interventions for women in the postpartum period.