Towards smart product-service systems 2.0: A retrospect and prospect

Smart product-service systems (Smart PSS), first coined in 2014 as a digital servitization paradigm, have experienced rapid development, especially in the past 5 years. Nevertheless, existing works still concern much on either the solution design principles or the service-dominant logic, while neglecting today's dramatic shift towards a human-object (machine) symbiotic manner. In this context, by introducing and leveraging advanced networking (e.g., Web 3.0), digitalization (e.g., mixed reality (MR)), and intellectualization (e.g., AI generated content(AIGC)) technologies, Smart PSS has embarked on the second revolution, as the so-called Smart PSS 2.0. To better distinguish such a new paradigm, this paper begins with a systematic review of the existing Smart PSS works, covering its 3 unique solution design characteristics (i.e., value co-creation, closed-loop design, and context awareness). Comparatively, it is found that proactive interaction design, human-SCPs symbiosis, and AIGC-enabled collaborative intelligence become new design features of Smart PSS 2.0. To unlock its power, illustrative examples with underlined technologies and value propositions are given in a grand vision. Both relevant academic researchers and industrial practitioners should re-position and well prepare themselves to embrace the future of digital servitization, i.e., Smart PSS 2.0.