Pd–Mn/NC Dual Single-Atomic Sites with Hollow Mesopores for the Highly Efficient Semihydrogenation of Phenylacetylene

The direct pyrolysis of metal-zeolite imidazolate frameworks (M-ZIFs) has been widely recognized as the predominant approach for synthesizing atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen-carbon single-atom catalysts (M/NC-SACs), which have exhibited exceptional activity and selectivity in the semihydrogenation of acetylene. However, due to weak adsorption of reactants on the single site and restricted molecular diffusion, the semihydrogenation of large organic molecules (e.g., phenylacetylene) was greatly limited for M/NC-SACs. In this work, a dual single-atom catalyst (h–Pd-Mn/NC) with hollow mesopores was designed and prepared using a general host–guest strategy. Taking the semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene as an example, this catalyst exhibited ultrahigh activity and selectivity, which achieved a turnover frequency of 218 molC═CmolPd–1 min–1, 16-fold higher than that of the commercial Lindlar catalyst. The catalyst maintained high activity and selectivity even after 5 cycles of usage. The superior activity of h–Pd-Mn/NC was attributed to the 4.0 nm mesopore interface of the catalyst, which enhanced the diffusion of macromolecular reactants and products. Particularly, the introduction of atomically dispersed Mn with weak electronegativity in h–Pd-Mn/NC could drive the electron transfer from Mn to adjacent Pd sites and regulate the electronic structure of Pd sites. Meanwhile, the strong electronic coupling in Pd–Mn pairs enhanced the d-electron domination near the Fermi level and promoted the adsorption of phenylacetylene and H2 on Pd active sites, thereby reducing the energy barrier for the semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene.