The uniqueness of flexible and mouldable thermal insulation materials in thermal protection systems—A comprehensive review

Abstract In thermal control and safety systems, thermal insulation materials which are lightweight and flexible with hierarchical microstructures are commonly used nowadays. Flexible thermal insulation materials are designed to prevent heat transfer between two surfaces. These materials have various applications, from building insulation to automotive components, aerospace, and industrial processes. This review aims to provide an overview of flexible thermal insulation materials, their properties, and their applications. The most commonly used materials used for flexible thermal insulation are aerogels, ceramic fibres, and polymers. These materials are lightweight, durable, and have excellent thermal insulation properties and are also gaining popularity due to their unique characteristics. The insulation performance of flexible thermal insulation materials is influenced by thickness, density, porosity, and thermal conductivity factors. The choice of insulation material and its properties depend on the application site and the desired thermal insulation. The literature shows that nanofibrils‐based insulating materials have low thermal conductivity values and can be excellent flexible thermal insulating materials. Using flexible thermal insulation materials is crucial in reducing energy consumption and dissipation, enhancing thermal efficiency, and improving sustainability in various industries.