A Narrative Review Unveiling Novel Molecular Targets in Advancing Antidiabetic Medications: An Emerging Perspective

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a persistent metabolic disorder characterised by elevated glucose concentration in blood. Approximately, 422 million individuals globally suffer from diabetes, with the majority residing among middle-class and lower-class countries as per the reports of World Health Organisation (WHO) 2023. Strict blood sugar control in conjunction with high-dose insulin therapy might potentially prevent or delay the progression of microvascular issues, lower overall mortality, and lessen the chance of macrovascular problems. These conclusions were supported by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the large longitudinal investigation known as the epidemiology of diabetes and its complications. Numerous drugs and receptors involved in glucose metabolism are currently being used to treat diabetes, including α-Glucosidase inhibitors, dopamine D-2 agonists, biguanides, glinides, amylin analogues, Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), and biguanides. Due to the associated side effects and the financial difficulties in obtaining traditional antidiabetic regimens, the current review has placed a higher priority on investigating novel molecular targets for the development of antidiabetic medications intended to manage the progression of the illness. This emphasises how important it is to find new molecular targets associated with the illness’s onset instead of only treating its symptoms or outward signs.