The significance of small noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases

With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, an increasing number of overlooked small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) have emerged. These sncRNAs predominantly comprise transfer RNA-derived fragments (tsRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), Ro-associated non-coding RNAs (RNYs or Y-RNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Each of these RNA types possesses distinct biological properties and plays specific roles in both physiological and pathological processes. The differential expression of sncRNAs substantially affects the occurrence and progression of various systemic diseases. However, their roles in the cardiovascular system remain unclear. Therefore, understanding the functionality and mechanisms of sncRNAs in the cardiovascular system holds promise for identifying novel targets and strategies for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review examines the biological characteristics of sncRNAs and their potential roles in cardiovascular diseases.