Association between lipocalin-2 and mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based evidence

The associations between lipocalin-2 (LCN2) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia have gained growing interest. However, population-based studies have yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, we conducted this essential systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze and summarize the existing population-based evidence. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched until Mar 18, 2022. Meta-analysis was performed to generate the standard mean difference (SMD) of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) LCN2. A qualitative review was performed to summarize the evidence from postmortem brain tissue studies. In peripheral blood, the overall pooled results showed no significant difference in LCN2 across Alzheimer’s disease (AD), MCI and control groups. Further subgroup analysis revealed higher serum LCN2 levels in AD compared to controls (SMD =1.28 [0.44;2.13], p = 0.003), while the difference remained insignificant in plasma (SMD =0.04 [−0.82;0.90], p = 0.931). Besides, peripheral blood LCN2 were higher in AD when age difference between AD and controls ≥ 4 years (SMD =1.21 [0.37;2.06], p = 0.005). In CSF, no differences were found in LCN2 across groups of AD, MCI and controls. However, CSF LCN2 was higher in vascular dementia (VaD) compared to controls (SMD =1.02 [0.17;1.87], p = 0.018), as well as compared to AD (SMD =1.19 [0.58;1.80], p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis supported that LCN2 was increased in the brain tissue of AD-related areas, especially in astrocytes and microglia; while LCN2 increased in infarct-related brain areas and over-expressed in astrocytes and macrophages in mixed dementia (MD). The difference in peripheral blood LCN2 between AD and controls may be affected by the type of biofluid and age. No differences were found in CSF LCN2 across AD, MCI and controls groups. In contrast, CSF LCN2 was elevated in VaD patients. Moreover, LCN2 was increased in AD-related brain areas and cells in AD, while in infarcts-related brain areas and cells in MD.