Dendritic Cell Epithelial Sodium Channel in Inflammation, Salt-Sensitive Hypertension, and Kidney Damage

Salt-sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to different individual BP responses to changes in dietary salt remain elusive. Research in the last two decades revealed that the immune system plays a critical role in the development of hypertension and related end organ damage. Moreover, sodium accumulates nonosmotically in human tissue, including the skin and muscle, shifting the dogma on body sodium balance and its regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that high concentrations of extracellular sodium can directly trigger an inflammatory response in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), leading to hypertension and vascular and renal injury. Importantly, sodium entry into APCs is mediated by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Although the role of the ENaC in renal regulation of sodium excretion and BP is well established, these new findings imply that the ENaC may also exert BP modulatory effects in extrarenal tissue through an immune-dependent pathway. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension with a particular focus on the roles of APCs and the extrarenal ENaC.