Poly– and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) - recent advances in the aquatic environment analysis

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are characterized by extreme persistence and mobility resulting in their accumulation in the environment and organisms. Extensive research shows their harmful effects on health. As a result, the analysis of this group of ubiquitous pollutants has recently received a lot of attention and their monitoring is considered essential. Providing the advancements over the last ten years in analytical methodologies for PFAS detection was the main goal of this review. Significant emphasis was placed on research in the aquatic environment as water has been identified as a significant source of exposure. A synthetic overview of the current state of knowledge on sample collection, storage, preservation, purification, chromatographic separation, and analysis, demonstrating the wide application of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and targeted analysis as the main tool for determination was demonstrated. Important problems and challenges associated with PFAS determination were also outlined and identified.