Toward a Listening Training Paradigm: Evaluation in Normal-Hearing Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Adults' most common complaint relates to understanding speech in noisy environments. Hearing aids can compensate for sensory loss but do not restore hearing to normal. Listening training has the potential to partially remediate these problems. In this study, we propose and evaluate a Flemish version of a listening training paradigm, which involves the use of cognitive control as well as auditory perception. The paradigm entails a discrimination task where participants are cued to attend to one of two concurrent talkers with target speakers randomly varying between a female and a male voice. We evaluate learning effects, different scenarios, and masking types.In total, 70 young and 54 middle-aged adults participated in this study. Each adult performed one or more conditions. Participants' hearing was screened before participation, all middle-aged adults passed a cognitive screening task.Analyses indicated learning effects across scenarios that were similar in terms of speech intelligibility. Our results indicated better speech intelligibility when the female speaker was the target, but speech intelligibility did not differ when the target was the male speaker. An unintelligible masker noise results in worse speech intelligibility than a competing talker masker. Our results suggest that listeners could use an intensity cue to identify and/or select the target speaker when presented at a lower signal to noise ratio (SNR). Error analysis suggested higher cognitive control demands when the target and masker were presented at similar levels (i.e., around 0 dB SNR). The addition of independent trials with the intensity of target and masker reversed improved speech intelligibility. Inhibitory control, but not task switching, was reliably correlated with listening performance.The proposed paradigm turned out to be feasible and practicable, demonstrating its potential for training speech intelligibility in noise. We believe that this training paradigm can generate real-life benefits including for persons with hearing loss. This latter application awaits future evaluation.