Efficacy of Intraoperative vs Preoperative Indocyanine Green Administration for Near-Infrared Cholangiography During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Open-Label, Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial

Although IS did not improve the SBR, it significantly reduced the fluorescence intensity of the liver background, potentially enhancing the surgeon's subjective perception and thereby increasing the visualization score. Compared with PS, IS offers greater convenience and is more effective in facilitating critical view of safety exposure.