A review of recent developments of metal–organic frameworks as combined biomedical platforms over the past decade

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also called porous coordination polymers, represent a class of crystalline porous materials made up of organic ligands and metal ions/metal clusters. Herein, an overview of the preparation of different metal-organic frameworks and the recent advances in MOF-based stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) with the drug release mechanisms including pH-, temperature-, ion-, magnetic-, pressure-, adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)-, H2S-, redox-, responsive, and photoresponsive MOF were rarely introduced. The combination therapy containing of two or more treatments can be enhanced treatment effectiveness through overcoming limitations of monotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with chemotherapy (CT), chemotherapy in combination with PTT or other combinations were explained to overcome drug resistance and side effects in normal cells as well as enhancing the therapeutic response. Integrated platforms containing of photothermal/drug-delivering functions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties exhibited great advantages in cancer therapy.