Recent advances in the biosynthesis of coumarin and its derivatives

Coumarin and its derivatives, presenting in many organisms (plants, fungi, and bacteria), are critical metabolites composed of fused benzene and α-pyrone rings. With unique biological and chemical properties, coumarin derivatives possess great technological potential in the agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetic industries. The increasing demand for coumarin derivatives accelerates the research in biological and chemical synthesis to provide stable and scalable sources of coumarins. However, the complex structures and unknown pathways have limited the progress in the biosynthesis of coumarin derivatives. Here, we summarize recent developments and provide a detailed analysis of coumarin derivative biosynthetic pathways in different organisms.