Identical sequence types of Yersinia ruckeri associated with lethal disease in wild-caught invasive Blue Catfish and cultured hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish ♀ × Blue Catfish ♂) from disparate aquatic ecosystems

ABSTRACT Objective The Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus is commonly raised in warmwater aquaculture in the United States to produce Channel Catfish I. punctatus × Blue Catfish hybrids. It is also a prominent aquatic invasive species of concern in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Here, Yersina ruckeri was isolated from moribund Blue Catfish and hybrid catfish from disparate regions of the USA. The goal of the research here was to compare these Y. ruckeri strains to each other and other known strains for which adequate sequence data was available. In addition, we sought to determine if the strain from Blue Catfish was pathogenic to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Methods Moribund hybrid catfish from culture ponds in Mississippi were processed for diagnostic evaluation in March 2016. In April 2022, a moribund Blue Catfish specimen was collected from a tributary of the Nanticoke River in Maryland. Bacterial isolates were identified and characterized using biochemical tests, antimicrobial sensitivity screening, serotyping, and complete or partial genome sequencing. Disease pathology was described via histology. The isolate from Blue Catfish was used in challenge experiments to determine if it was pathogenic to Rainbow Trout. Multilocus sequencing typing was conducted using the PubMLST database. Results Biochemical testing was consistent with Y. ruckeri. A draft genome of the Y. ruckeri isolate was assembled based on Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing and identified a single genomic replicon (3,791,418 bp) consistent in size to other Y. ruckeri genomes and a pLT plasmid (60, 933 bp). The challenge study demonstrated no significant virulence of this isolate for Rainbow Trout (Y. ruckeri). This isolate was most similar to other strains isolated from ictalurids. Notably, the gyrase B gene from this isolate was identical to that of archived strains isolated from moribund Mississippi hybrid catfish aquaculture during 2016 and these isolates share identical PubMLST sequence type profiles. Similarly, they shared a pLT plasmid that differed by only 6 bp. This plasmid has never been reported from trout isolates and appears to be unique to ictalurids. Conclusions Analyses here provide preliminary genetic evidence that geographically distant (Maryland and Mississippi, USA) isolates of Y. ruckeri from ictalurids are genetically similar to each other and Y. ruckeri (strain SC09) that infects ictalurids in China. This strain is not a biothreat to Rainbow Trout at typical culture temperatures.