Bone health in chronic neurological diseases: a focus on multiple sclerosis and parkinsonian syndromes

The importance of bone health is increasingly recognised, and there is mounting evidence that neurological conditions are associated with a significantly increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. This increase in risk is likely to be multifactorial. Multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease were identified in the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women study as significantly associated with osteoporosis. Here, we discuss the literature on bone health, falls and fractures in MS and akinetic-rigid syndromes, and suggest strategies to investigate and manage bone health in the neurology clinic.