Designing bi-layer electrode-electrolyte interfaces with an asymmetric ether to enable wide-temperature lithium metal batteries

transport and shuttle-free sulfur conversion. The resultant Li | |SPAN batteries achieve 72.8% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 60 °C and 1 C and stably operate at -40 °C and 0.1 C. Validation via an Ah-level pouch cell underscores practical feasibility. This work advances electrolyte design strategies for LMBs resilient to extreme environments, offering critical insights into interfacial engineering for next-generation energy storage systems.