Defect-Tuned Carbon Layer Thickness Modulates Intermediate Confinement for Enhanced Carbon–Carbon Coupling in CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol

FTIR, EIS, and time-relaxation distribution analyses revealed that the carbon layer suppresses CO* escape, enhancing the coverage of CO* within the catalyst and limiting early-stage reaction kinetics. This study provides valuable insights for the design of efficient catalysts to promote C-C coupling.