Complex Tooth Extraction: An Overview

Tooth extraction is a common dental procedure, but complex cases present significant challenges due to anatomical and pathological variations. Factors such as root dilaceration, fusion, gemination, hypercementosis, dense cortical bone, and ankylosis can complicate extraction, increasing the risk of root fractures, excessive bleeding, infection, and paresthesia. Proper preoperative assessment, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), is crucial for identifying these complexities and planning appropriate surgical techniques. Advances in minimally invasive approaches, such as piezosurgery and periotomes, have improved outcomes by reducing trauma and enhancing healing. This literature review synthesizes documented cases of complex extractions, highlighting the challenges encountered and the effective management strategies employed. By integrating current evidence and surgical advancements, this review aims to enhance clinical decision-making, improve patient outcomes, and minimize complications in complex tooth extractions. Keywords: Surgical extraction ,Tooth Extraction, Dental anomalies, Complications