Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with liquid crystal technology: a hardware design and communication perspective

Abstract With the surge of theoretical work investigating Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) for wireless communication and sensing, there exists an urgent need of hardware solutions for the evaluation of these theoretical results and further advancing the field. The most common solutions proposed in the literature are based on varactors, Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) diodes, and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). This paper presents the use of Liquid Crystal (LC) technology for the realization of continuously-tunable extremely large millimeter-wave RISs. We review the basic physical principles of LC theory, introduce two different realizations of LC-RISs, namely resonant versus delay-line architectures, and highlight their key properties that have an impact on the system design and RIS reconfiguration strategy. Moreover, the LC technology is compared with the competing technologies in terms of feasibility, cost, power consumption, reconfiguration speed, and bandwidth. Furthermore, several important open problems for both theoretical and experimental research on LC-RISs are presented.