Modulation of Wnt–β-catenin signaling with antibodies: therapeutic opportunities and challenges

Since the recognition that mutations in components of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway underlie some human cancers, considerable attention has been dedicated to developing therapeutic modalities to block its activity. Despite numerous efforts, no drug directly inhibiting Wnt signaling is currently clinically available. Conversely, activating the Wnt pathway in a specific manner has recently been made possible with new molecules mimicking the activity of Wnt proteins, thus offering new possibilities for controlling tissue stem cell activity and for the rational treatment of various degenerative conditions. We describe the landscape of antibody modalities that modulate the Wnt–β-catenin pathway, and detail the advances and challenges in both cancer and regenerative medicine drug development.