Multifunctional Peroxidase-Encapsulated Nanoliposomes: Bioetching-Induced Photoelectrometric and Colorimetric Immunoassay for Broad-Spectrum Detection of Ochratoxins

In this study, a versatile dual-modal readout immunoassay platform was achieved for sensitive and broad-spectrum detection of ochratoxins based on the photocurrent response of flexible CdS/ZnO nanorod arrays/reduced graphene oxide and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak shift of Au nanobipyramids (Au NBPs). By using nanoliposomes as the vehicle to carry the secondary antibody and encapsulate horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the photocurrent change and the peak shift can be greatly amplified. The reaction mechanism was investigated in detail, indicating that HRP can trigger enzymatic bioetching in the presence of H₂O₂. In the photoelectrochemical detection, the oxidized HRP can etch CdS on the photoelectrode, resulting in the photocurrent change, while in the colorimetric detection, HRP can oxidize H₂O₂ to produce hydroxyl radicals that can etch Au NBPs to form multiple color changes and LSPR shifts. Compared with the common single-modal immunoassay for ochratoxins, such dual-modal immunoassay is more precise and reliable, owing to the completely independent signal conversion and transmission mechanism. Therefore, we hope that this accurate, simple, and visualized strategy may create a new avenue and provide innovative inspiration for food analysis.