Advances in Design of Golgi Apparatus-Targeted Fluorescent Probes

Organelle targeting systems are crucial for elucidating biological processes and pathologies associated with Golgi apparatus at the center of the secretory pathway. While the range of fluorescent probes developed for mitochondria and lysosomes is quite extensive, Golgi-targeted probes have only gained momentum in recent years. This review addresses strategies and fluorescent probe designs targeting Golgi apparatus. We compare lipid and protein binding motifs, and small molecule-based approaches based on performance criteria. Lipid/protein binding motifs provide strong binding but may affect membrane trafficking, small molecules enable rapid and modular labeling but carry the risk of mis-targeting to the ER and endosomal compartments. The review provides a framework for design principles and reporting standards to accelerate the rational design of selective and minimally invasive Golgi probes.