Cyanobacteria-derived near-infrared autofluorescent exosomes enabling synergistic brain lesion imaging and neuroprotection

, sExos cross the BBB and accumulate in ischemic lesions, enabling dynamic visualization. Mechanistically, sExos regulate lipid metabolism and inhibit NF-κB signaling, reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, while promoting neural recovery. Toxicity and immunogenicity evaluations confirm excellent biocompatibility and safety. In summary, this naturally autofluorescent exosome offers a label-free, brain-penetrant, and therapeutically promising imaging-intervention strategy, opening avenues for noninvasive stroke therapy and precision CNS disease management.