Advancements of investigational agents for renal cell carcinoma: what clinical progress have we seen in the last 5 years?

The field is moving toward biology-informed treatment selection. Priorities include prospective validation of biomarker strategies, standardization of assay platforms, and integration of dynamic response measures to refine treatment selection, sequencing, and combinations. Molecularly defined subsets and less common histologies warrant dedicated, adequately powered studies. With rigorous methodology and standardized testing methods, emerging approaches have the potential to translate current signals into more consistent and durable clinical benefits in RCC.