δ-Opioid Receptor Activation Inhibits Ferroptosis by Activating the Nrf2 Pathway in MPTP-Induced Parkinson Disease Models

Introduction . Recent studies suggest the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). δ ‐Opioid receptors (DORs) have neuroprotective effects in PD. It is not known whether the neuroprotective effects of DORs in PD are attributable to the inhibition of ferroptosis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of DORs in ferroptosis in MPTP‐induced PD models. Methods . To identify the influence of DORs on ferroptosis in MPTP‐induced PD models, we measured the malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE) levels, analyzed the levels of ferroptosis‐related proteins (GXP4 and SLC7a11) and Nrf2 expression by using western blotting, and assessed mitochondrial dysfunction by using JC‐1 staining and transmission electron microscopy. Results . DOR activation reduced the 4‐HNE and MDA levels, increased the GXP4 and SLC7a11 levels, and ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction in MPTP‐induced PD models. These neuroprotective effects of DORs could be blocked by Nrf2‐siRNA. Thus, the effects of DORs on ferroptosis in PD models were partially controlled by Nrf2, which regulated GXP4 and SLC7a11 synthesis. Conclusion . DORs exert neuroprotective effects in PD models by inhibiting ferroptosis partially via activating the Nrf2 pathway.