Amelioration of obesity-associated disorders using solanesol with the mitigation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage inflammation in adipose tissue

Obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases are causally linked to inflammatory activation. Proinflammatory macrophage infiltration and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation contribute to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Alleviating inflammatory responses is a reliable method to restore insulin sensitivity and reduce the severity of metabolic syndrome. Solanesol, rich in anti-inflammatory foods (potato, tomato, eggplant, chili peppers), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, but whether it plays a beneficial role in obesity-induced chronic inflammation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of solanesol on the NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory responses both in vitro and in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. We found that oral administration of solanesol reduced weight gain, insulin resistance, and inflammation in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) in both HFD-fed obese mice and mice concurrently treated with a HFD. This effect was involved with reducing macrophage inflammation and inactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome by reducing the K⁺ efflux and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages. Solanesol also reprogrammed the phenotype of inflammatory macrophages. Taken together, our study suggests that solanesol may be a promising candidate for treating obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.