Risk Factors for Catatonia Relapse in Psychotic and Affective Disorders

Importance: Catatonia is a recurrent syndrome, yet the risk factors associated with its long-term course and relapse remain poorly understood. This study yields insights into the time to relapse in catatonia. It also characterizes the demographic, clinical, and treatment-related factors associated with relapse across psychotic and affective spectrum disorders. Objective: To examine the relapse rate of catatonia and identify factors associated with relapse, particularly in patients with psychotic and affective spectrum disorders, over an extended follow-up period. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary neuropsychiatric center in India. Patients who presented with catatonia to emergency psychiatry and acute care services between January 2014 and December 2017 were included. Follow-up was up to 78 months, with the final follow-up completed in December 2020. Data were analyzed in November 2024. Exposures: Catatonia in psychotic or affective spectrum disorders. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was catatonia relapse defined as the recurrence of catatonic symptoms during follow-up. Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess time to relapse and identify factors associated with relapse risk. Results: Of 303 patients with catatonia included in the analysis, relapse occurred in 148 (48.8%; mean [SD] age, 30.09 [9.54] years; 80 females [60.7%]; 94 [63.5%] with psychotic spectrum disorder) over a median (IQR) follow-up of 29.8 (10.8-47.0) months, while 155 patients (55.2%; mean [SD] age, 31.27 [11.80] years; 93 females [60.0%]; 97 [62.6%] with psychotic spectrum disorder) had no relapse. Relapse risk was highest within 2 years of an index episode. Antipsychotic prescriptions at discharge were associated with longer times to relapse and a relapse risk reduction of 41.1% (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.92; P = .02). The underlying psychiatric diagnosis (psychotic vs affective spectrum disorder) was not associated with relapse rates or time to relapse. Conclusions and Relevance: Catatonia is a recurrent condition, with nearly half of patients experiencing relapses, particularly within the first 2 years. Antipsychotic treatment may play a crucial role in relapse prevention, emphasizing the need for maintenance therapy during this critical period. While preliminary, these findings highlight the importance of evolving long-term management strategies to prevent catatonia relapse and call for further research into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying catatonia.