Gaseous air pollution exposure and depression in middle-aged and elderly adults: evidence from a Chinese cohort

= 1.28, 95% CI: 0.44-2.13). Interaction analyses revealed that individuals who consumed alcohol, lived in urban areas, or were married exhibited heightened susceptibility to the effects of gaseous air pollution on depression. Here, we provide the first evidence that intermediate-term gaseous air pollution exposure within specific temporal windows may substantially increase the risk of depression. It is important to prioritize individuals who consume alcohol, live in urban areas, and are married.