Tumor Immunosenescence Driven by Chronic Inflammation: Mechanisms, Microenvironment Remodeling and Therapeutic Strategies

The development of malignant tumors, as one of the most challenging public health issues today, is closely related to the interaction of chronic inflammation and immunosenescence. This review systematically analyzes the multidimensional mechanism of chronic inflammation driving immunosenescence. Chronic inflammation triggers immunosuppression and drives immunosenescence through interactions with inflammatory signals, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic reprogramming, and microbiome. These processes remodel the tumor microenvironment via a multidimensional interaction network, which significantly weakens the anti-tumor immune response and accelerates tumor progression. This review proposes targeting strategies focusing on source intervention, SASP network blockade, and combination therapy optimization, as well as precise regulation with the help of novel technologies to break through the limitations of traditional immune checkpoint inhibition and provide new breakthroughs for overcoming tumor immune escape.