Germacrone alleviates breast cancer‐associated osteolysis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of MAPK/NF‐κB signaling pathways

Abstract Bone is one of the most frequent sites for metastasis in breast cancer patients. Bone metastasis significantly reduces the survival time and the life quality of breast cancer patients. Germacrone (GM) can serve humans as an anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammation agent, but its effect on breast cancer‐induced osteolysis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the functions and mechanisms of GM in alleviating breast cancer‐induced osteolysis. The effects of GM on osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, F‐actin ring formation, and gene expression were examined in vitro. RNA‐sequencing and Western Blot were conducted to explore the regulatory mechanisms of GM on osteoclastogenesis. The effects of GM on breast cancer‐induced osteoclastogenesis, and breast cancer cell malignant behaviors were also evaluated. The in vivo efficacy of GM in the ovariectomy model and breast cancer bone metastasis model with micro‐CT and histomorphometry. GM inhibited osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption and F‐actin ring formation in vitro. Meanwhile, GM inhibited the expression of osteoclast‐related genes. RNA‐seq analysis and Western Blot confirmed that GM inhibited osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of MAPK/NF‐κB signaling pathways. The in vivo mouse osteoporosis model further confirmed that GM inhibited osteolysis. In addition, GM suppressed the capability of proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted the apoptosis of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Furthermore, GM could inhibit MDA‐MB‐231 cell‐induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and alleviate breast cancer‐associated osteolysis in vivo human MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer bone metastasis‐bearing mouse models. Our findings identify that GM can be a promising therapeutic agent for patients with breast cancer osteolytic bone metastasis.