Volterra model for the imaging mechanism of ocean surface currents by synthetic aperture radar

The imaging mechanism of ocean surface current gradients by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is nonlinear. The authors propose a Volterra series expansion as a tool for obtaining an input-output relationship between the current and the SAR image pixel. With this model one can study the behavior of each nonlinear component as a function of several parameters (current magnitude and direction, wind speed, equilibrium spectrum parameterization, etc.).