Effect of macrotroponin on the utility of cardiac troponin I as a prognostic biomarker for long term total and cardiovascular disease mortality

Macrotroponin is a complex formed between endogenous cardiac troponin autoantibodies and circulating cardiac troponin (cTn). It is a recognised cause of discrepancy between current high sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn) assays; and immunoglobulin-bound (macrotroponin) and unbound cTn can coexist in varying proportions in the acute setting. Increasingly it is considered when laboratory cTn results do not match a patient's clinical picture. However, despite the better understanding of macrotroponin as an analytical interference, its clinical significance remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the potential impact of macrotroponin on the use of cTn as a long-term prognostic marker. We repeated cTnI testing after polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation on consecutive participants (n=159) with a first elevated cTn above 0.2 μg/L during their hospital admission episode. Because this paper is looking at outcomes in years, the initial data were generated at a time when non-hs-cTn assays were in use. We divided the cohort into two groups based on an exploratory PEG recovery cut-off of <34.6% to indicate the presence of possible macrotroponin and compared the overall and cardiovascular related mortality. The median follow-up time for the overall cohort was 8.35 years (8.32-8.40 interquartile range) with no difference between the two groups. The overall median survival was 8.1 years. Our findings indicate a hazard ratio of 0.54 (0.32-0.91 95% CI) for all-cause mortality and 0.48 (0.24-0.95) for cardiovascular mortality in patients with possible macrotroponin compared to those patients with troponin elevation without evidence of macrotroponin, after adjustment for common cardiovascular disease risk factors. Furthermore, an association was observed between PEG% recovery and all-cause mortality (p<0.05). This study showed that patients with macrotroponin have comparatively favourable long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of patients with elevated troponin. We illustrate the importance of recognising cTn results as being a summation of heterogeneous components, including those bound to antibodies, and the potential role of macrotroponin to further improve our interpretation and use of cTn as a biomarker.