Electrochemical sensors for oxidative stress monitoring

Electrochemical sensors are ideally suited for the detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) generated during biological processes. This review discusses the latest work in the development of electrochemical microsensors for ROS/RNS and their applications for monitoring oxidative stress in biological systems. The performance of recent designs of microelectrodes and electrode materials is discussed along with their functionality in preclinical models of drug efficacy, mitochondrial distress, and endothelial dysfunction. Challenges and opportunities in translating this methodology to study the pathophysiology associated with various diseases are discussed. • Electrochemical sensors for detection of ROS/RNS are discussed. • Materials and electrodes used to design sensors for vivo/in vitro monitoring are reviewed. • Challenges and opportunities for measurements in biological systems are discussed. • Biological applications and translational aspects are highlighted.