Simultaneous determination of 22 carbamate pesticides and their metabolites in biological samples using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with LC-MS/MS: application to forensic cases

. Precision and accuracy met international bioanalytical guidelines, as indicated by intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) below 15% and recoveries within acceptable limits. The method was successfully applied to authentic forensic cases involving human and animal poisonings, confirming its suitability for determining carbamate pesticides and their metabolites in complex matrices such as blood, liver, and urine. This robust and efficient analytical approach is well suited for applications in forensic investigations and clinical toxicology.